Arthritis in Seniors: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Management

Common Types of Arthritis in Seniors

There are more than 100 types of arthritis, but three are most common in seniors: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. Each has distinct causes, symptoms, and progression patterns—understanding the differences can help seniors and their families recognize early signs and pursue the right treatment.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis in older adults, affecting approximately 33 million Americans, per the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Women are more likely to develop OA than men, especially after the age of 50.

OA usually develops gradually as cartilage breaks down, most often in the:

• Hands
• Knees
• Hips
• Spine

Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joint lining, causing swelling that can change the shape of the joint over time. RA accounts for about 15.8% of arthritis cases in American adults.

RA most often develops between ages 30 and 60 and is more common in women. But elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) affects men and women equally after age 60, and tends to come on suddenly—sometimes mistaken for an illness. Seniors with EORA are more likely to first notice symptoms in larger joints, like the shoulders and hips.

Psoriatic arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis is a progressive autoimmune condition that triggers inflammation in the joints. It’s linked to psoriasis, a skin condition that causes a scaly rash from rapid skin cell turnover.

Most seniors with psoriatic arthritis develop the skin condition first, with joint symptoms following roughly a decade later. However, not everyone with psoriasis develops psoriatic arthritis—and in some cases, joint symptoms appear before any rash.

Common Misconceptions About Arthritis

Many people believe arthritis is simply an unavoidable part of getting older, but that's not the full picture.

"A common misconception is that arthritis is simply a normal part of aging and nothing can be done about it. In reality, there are ways to manage symptoms and slow progression,” said Val Smetka, Clinical Leader at Curana Health.

While arthritis becomes more common with age, not everyone develops it—and for those who do, there are effective ways to manage symptoms and maintain mobility.

Another myth is that exercise makes arthritis worse. According to Smetka, the opposite is true: appropriate movement is one of the best tools for managing arthritis symptoms. Avoiding activity out of fear of pain can actually lead to increased stiffness, weaker muscles, and a higher risk of falls.

How Arthritis Affects Daily Life

Arthritis often starts subtly—some stiffness after sitting too long, or mild discomfort during a walk. But as it progresses, it can begin to affect everyday movements in noticeable ways.

According to Phylissa Meehan, DPT, MS, ATC, Regional Vice President of Operations at HealthPRO Heritage, arthritis can show up in daily life through:

• Shorter steps or a limp while walking, sometimes called an antalgic gait
• Difficulty standing up from a chair, requiring more effort, time, or assistance
• Trouble with fine motor tasks, like buttoning a shirt or tying shoelaces, due to stiff fingers

These changes can affect more than just physical comfort—they can impact confidence, safety, and independence.

"Arthritis affects much more than just the joints. Reduced mobility can lead to muscle weakness, increased fall risk, and loss of independence, and may contribute to depression," Smetka noted.

In many cases, staying as active as possible within a comfortable range helps protect mobility rather than put it at risk.

Symptoms of Arthritis in Seniors

Arthritis symptoms vary depending on the type, but most seniors experience some combination of joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. A doctor can confirm a diagnosis through a physical exam, X-rays, or an MRI.

“As symptoms progress, individuals may experience difficulty with everyday activities such as walking, transferring, and performing self-care tasks,” Meehan noted. “Over time, arthritis can contribute to muscle weakness, decreased endurance, and increased fall risk, particularly if movement becomes limited.”

Symptoms of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis symptoms tend to develop gradually and often include:

• Joint pain, especially during movement
• Stiffness, particularly after periods of rest
• Swelling after activity
• Decreased range of motion in affected joints
• A feeling of looseness or instability around affected joints

Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Seniors

Seniors with elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) often experience symptoms like:

• Severe joint pain, often symmetrical on both sides of the body
• Stiffness, especially in the hips and shoulders, which is most noticeable in the morning
• Swelling
• Fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fever

Symptoms of Psoriatic Arthritis

In addition to joint pain and swelling, psoriatic arthritis can cause symptoms not seen in other types of arthritis, such as:

• Painful swelling along an entire finger or toe
• Nail changes, including pitting, crumbling, or separation from the nail bed
• Eye inflammation
• Digestive issues, including inflammatory bowel disease

Causes and Risk Factors of Arthritis in Seniors

Age is the biggest risk factor for osteoarthritis, while rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis stem from autoimmune conditions. Several other risk factors of arthritis can also increase the likelihood of developing the condition:

• Family history. Having a family member with rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis may increase your risk.
• Gender. Women are more likely than men to develop osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Excess weight. Extra weight places more strain on the knees and hips, which can lead to osteoarthritis.
• Smoking. Smokers face a higher risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.
• Joint injuries. An injury from a sport or accident can increase the likelihood of developing osteoarthritis later in life.
• Repetitive motions. Jobs that involve bending, squatting, or other repetitive motions can contribute to osteoarthritis.
• Military service. Veterans have a higher likelihood of developing arthritis than others, according to the CDC. About one in three veterans live with arthritis, often due to injuries sustained during service.

Can Your Type of Arthritis Change Throughout Your Lifetime?

Your type of arthritis can’t change on its own—but it's more complicated than a simple yes or no.

No type of arthritis goes away once it develops, but seniors can develop more than one type over time. For example, someone with rheumatoid arthritis may also develop osteoarthritis as they age.

Autoimmune forms of arthritis, like rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis, can go into remission or flare up periodically. As arthritis progresses, symptoms may look different—but this doesn't mean the underlying type of arthritis has changed.

How to Manage Arthritis

While no form of arthritis can be cured, the right combination of treatment and lifestyle changes can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life.

"Early management focuses on preventing progression and preserving joint function. Physical therapy, weight management, and targeted strengthening can improve joint stability and reduce symptoms," said Brian Cooper, DO, Regional Medical Director at Curana Health.

It's important to work with a health care provider to build a plan tailored to your needs. Your doctor may recommend a combination of the strategies below.

Exercise Regularly

Movement is one of the most effective ways to manage arthritis—even though it may feel counterintuitive when joints are painful.

According to Meehan, exercise helps in several ways:

• Improves joint lubrication by stimulating synovial fluid production, which reduces stiffness
• Strengthens supporting muscles, helping take pressure off the joints
• Boosts circulation, which can reduce inflammation and discomfort

As Meehan puts it, “movement is medicine.”

Low-impact exercises are typically the best place to start, including:

• Walking
• Cycling
• Swimming
• Tai chi
• Yoga

Stretching is especially helpful for easing the morning stiffness many seniors experience after a night of rest. Gentle range-of-motion exercises can improve flexibility and help prevent the loss of mobility that often comes with arthritis.

Start slow and build up gradually. A doctor or physical therapist can help determine which exercises are most beneficial and how to progress safely. They may also recommend safety equipment to help stabilize joints during exercise—such as knee braces, wrist braces, or shock-absorbing footwear.

Consider Physical Therapy for Arthritis

For seniors experiencing stiffness, reduced mobility, or difficulty with daily tasks, physical therapy can make a meaningful difference—and the sooner it starts, the better.

Physical therapists are movement specialists who design individualized programs based on each person’s condition, pain tolerance, and goals. Interventions may include:

• Manual therapy and joint mobilization to reduce pain and improve range of motion
• Progressive strengthening programs targeting the muscles that support affected joints
• Balance and stability training, which is especially important for older adults at risk of falls
• Education on joint protection and how to safely modify daily activities

Every program is tailored to the individual. A physical therapist adjusts the load, intensity, positioning, and range of motion of each exercise based on how a person responds—providing a safe, progressive challenge without worsening symptoms.

For seniors who are hesitant to move because of pain, Meehan recommends starting small and building gradually. Mild soreness can be normal, but sharp or worsening pain is a signal to stop. She notes that education and reassurance are critical in overcoming fear and restoring movement.

"Movement remains essential—use it or lose it. Patients should stay active within their limits and seek help when needed," said Greg Bugaj, MD, Regional Medical Director at Curana Health.

Physical therapy also supports long-term independence by improving the strength, balance, and endurance needed for everyday tasks like walking, transfers, and self-care—reducing reliance on caregivers while helping seniors continue to participate in social and wellness activities.

Manage Weight and Diet

Excess weight puts added stress on joints, especially the knees and hips, and is a significant risk factor for osteoarthritis. Weight loss can make a real difference. In fact, a 2018 study found that seniors who lost 20% of their body weight experienced lower inflammation, less pain, and improved walking ability.

Getting the right nutrients also plays a role in supporting joint and bone health. If a doctor prescribes a corticosteroid to manage arthritis pain, they may also recommend calcium and vitamin D supplements because corticosteroids can weaken bones over time. This is especially important for senior women, who already face a higher risk of bone loss with age.

Know When to Seek Professional Care

Sometimes, lifestyle changes and over-the-counter medications aren't enough. If you notice a decline in quality of life or increasingly limited mobility, it may be time to talk to a doctor.

“Primary care enables early detection and use of non-pharmacologic strategies to reduce pain, prevent progression, and maintain function,” Dr. Cooper noted.

This is especially important for seniors with rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis, since these conditions tend to progress over time. Treatment options may include:

• Prescription medications, such as corticosteroids, to manage pain
• Physical therapy
• Mobility aids, like a cane or walker
• Surgery, such as joint replacement, in cases of severe joint damage

How Senior Living Can Support Seniors with Arthritis

Arthritis symptoms can range in severity, but for seniors who are in a lot of pain or have limited mobility, an assisted living community can offer added support and a better quality of life.

"Caregivers can support safe mobility, follow PT/OT guidance, use appropriate equipment, and create consistent routines that promote safety and independence," said Dr. Bugaj.

Many senior living communities offer on-site physical therapy or transportation to off-site appointments. Caregivers can also help through medication management—helping to ensure seniors take their medicines as prescribed to minimize pain.

Discover How Sunrise Senior Living Can Support Residents with Arthritis

At Sunrise Senior Living, we understand that arthritis can affect much more than joints—it can impact confidence, independence, and participation in the activities that are important to residents. That's why we take a personalized, holistic approach to supporting residents living with arthritis, helping them stay as active, comfortable, and engaged as possible.

Our team works closely with residents, families, physicians, and rehabilitation therapy providers to support mobility, manage daily challenges, and promote overall wellness. From assistance with activities of daily living and medication management to on-site rehabilitation services and wellness programs designed for varying ability levels, we tailor support to each resident's unique needs and goals.

Through our Live With Purpose™ programming, residents can participate in fitness classes, walking clubs, social events, and other activities that encourage movement and connection. Combined with thoughtfully designed community environments and access to expert health care partners—including Curana Health, which provides primary care services, and HealthPRO Heritage, which provides physical, occupational, and speech therapy services—these resources can help residents maintain their independence and quality of life.

Health care partners vary across our communities, so we encourage you to find your nearest Sunrise location to learn about out what's available. We’re happy to answer your questions, help you schedule a tour, and talk through how we can support you or your loved one.